Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as proteins and t cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?


Question: Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as proteins and t cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?

Cell surface proteins, such as proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances by binding to ligands on neighboring cells.

When a cell surface protein binds to its ligand, it can trigger a signaling cascade that results in a change in cell behavior. This type of signaling is called cell-cell signaling and is essential for many different biological processes, including the vertebrate immune response.

For example, when a dendritic cell encounters a pathogen, it will process the pathogen and display fragments of it on its surface using MHC proteins. These MHC-peptide complexes can then bind to T cell receptors on other immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. This binding event triggers the activation of the T cell or B cell, which can then initiate an immune response against the pathogen.

Another example of cell-cell signaling mediated by cell surface proteins is the interaction between T cells and target cells. T cells have a variety of cell surface proteins, including the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. When a TCR binds to its cognate antigen on a target cell, it forms a complex with the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor and other signaling proteins. This complex then triggers the activation of the T cell, which can then kill the target cell or release cytokines to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection.

Cell-cell signaling is a highly complex process, but it is essential for the vertebrate immune response to be effective. By binding to ligands on neighboring cells, cell surface proteins allow immune cells to communicate with each other and coordinate their response to infection.

Therefore, the statement that best helps explain how cell surface proteins mediate cell communication over short distances is:

Cell surface proteins bind to ligands on neighboring cells, triggering a signaling cascade that results in a change in cell behavior.

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