Difference between ryotwari and mahalwari system?

Question: Difference between ryotwari and mahalwari system?

The Ryotwari System and Mahalwari System were two British land revenue systems in India with distinct approaches. The Ryotwari System, introduced in 1820 by Sir Thomas Munro, was implemented in regions like Madras and Bombay, where land ownership was directly vested in the individual peasants (ryots), who paid taxes directly to the government, eliminating any intermediaries. On the other hand, the Mahalwari System, introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 and later refined in 1833, was practiced in areas like the North-West Frontier and Punjab. It organized land into mahals (village units), where revenue was collected by village headmen on behalf of the entire village, blending elements of both direct and intermediary-based systems.

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