Explain geometrical isomerism with suitable example?

Question: Explain geometrical isomerism with suitable example?

Geometrical isomerism, also known as cis-trans isomerism, occurs when molecules have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around a double bond or ring system. This type of isomerism arises due to the restricted rotation around double bonds or within ring structures, leading to different spatial arrangements.

A classic example of geometrical isomerism is found in 2-butene (C₄H₈):

Cis-2-butene: The two methyl groups (CH₃) are on the same side of the double bond.

Trans-2-butene: The two methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.

These different arrangements result in distinct physical and chemical properties. For example, cis-2-butene has a higher boiling point than trans-2-butene due to the presence of stronger intermolecular forces in the cis isomer.

Geometrical isomerism is important in chemistry because it affects the properties and reactivity of compounds. 

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